Toddler staph infection is more common than in adults and is caused by staphylococcus bacteria. These bacteria can affect various body parts, including skin and vital organs such as the lungs. However, most toddlers get staph skin infections, and adequate treatment could help prevent further complications. You may seek medical care for treating these skin lesions since OTC creams or ointments may not cure the condition. In addition, inadequate treatment could result in complications and antibiotic resistance. Read on to know more about the risk factors, causes, symptoms, types, and management of staph infection in toddlers.
Causes Of Staph Infection In Toddlers
Staph infection can be caused by any bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus. The most common species to cause the infection is the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. Some of the other species that cause staph infections are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus bacteria often occur on the skin and inside the nose of healthy people, but do not cause staph infection (1). The bacteria cause infection when they enter the body through cuts, abrasions, or wounds (2). Several factors can exacerbate the risk of developing a staph infection.
Who Is At Risk Of Staph Infection?
The following factors could increase the risk of staph infection in toddlers (3) (4).
Weak immune system or immunodeficiency Malnourished children Septic children Nosocomial i.e., hospital acquired infections. Chronic diseases, such as cancer and diabetes Kidney impairment that requires dialysis Organ transplant HIV or AIDS Cystic fibrosis Chronic lung disorders, such as emphysema Skin injuries from trauma, insect bites, wounds, abrasions Dirty wounds Chronic skin disorders, such as eczema Hospitalization, especially for burns or surgeries Feeding tubes Breathing tubes Catheters and other invasive devices used during hospitalization
Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) staph infections are prevented by wearing gloves, gowns, sterilizing the hospital equipment, and rooms. Eating or drinking from unhygienic places and contact with an infected person could also increase the risk of staph infection in toddlers. Toddlers who attend daycare or nurseries can be vulnerable to community-transmitted staph infections from other children.
Signs And Symptoms Of Staph Infection In Toddlers
Staphylococcus may cause various types of infections ranging from minor skin infection to severe toxic shock syndrome. Signs and symptoms of staph infection may vary depending on the area affected and the severity (2) (4) (5).
1. Skin infections
Staphylococcus bacteria may cause any of the following types of skin infection.
Boils (furuncle): It is a pus-filled pocket (skin abscess) in the hair follicle or oil gland due to staph infection. The skin over the affected area can be swollen and erythematous (red). Boils are commonly seen in the underarms and on the buttocks. This superficial skin infection may drain pus if it is broken. Carbuncle: It is a cluster of boils usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Stye: A red bump near eyelid due to bacterial infection. Impetigo (school sores): This causes large blisters or sores that ooze fluid and form honey-colored crusts. These are round, generally reddish brown. Itchy. They can spread from one part of the body to another by the child scratching. Impetigo is contagious and painful. Cellulitis: This involves infection of the deep skin layer, often with redness and swelling over the infected area. The whole area becomes swollen, red, hot and tender. It can occur on any body part, but generally after infected boils or impetigo. The child may develop fever. It is extremely painful. It may open and often ooze fluids. Scalded skin syndrome (SSS) or Ritter disease: Toxin produced by Staphylococcus may cause the superficial skin layer to come off after a blister opens, and the skin may also appear burnt. The superficial layer of skin peels off. This condition could begin with fever and a skin rash or a blister formation.
In addition to the above, staph bacteria may also cause wound infections, such as surgical site infections or infection of burned or injured skin, when it is not kept sterile.
2. Food poisoning
Eating food contaminated with staph may cause food poisoning. These symptoms may often begin within a few hours after eating and may last for a day. You may notice any of the following symptoms and signs of foodborne illness in your toddler.
Severe vomiting Nausea Diarrhea
Fever is not usually seen in staph food poisoning. It may result in dehydration and hypotension (low blood pressure) if symptoms are severe and toddlers are not hydrated well.
3. Bacteremia
Staphylococci may enter the bloodstream and result in bacteremia (bloodstream infection, septicemia, or blood poisoning). Fever with chills, lethargy, apathy, and hypotension are hallmark signs of blood infection. This, however, is rare and occurs in untreated bacterial infections. Staph bacteria may travel through the bloodstream and infect internal organs, such as the heart, lung, or brain. Several body organs may be involved. This may affect muscle and bone tissue, as well.
4. Toxic shock syndrome
Skin wounds and surgical wounds, when not kept sterile, may increase the risk of developing toxic shock syndrome due to staph infection. The condition can cause the following symptoms.
High fever Nausea Vomiting Sunburn-like rash on palms and soles Diarrhea Reduced mental alertness or confusion
5. Septic arthritis
Staph infection of the blood may reach the joints and result in septic arthritis. It usually affects the knees, shoulders, hips, or fingers. Septic arthritis may cause:
Fever Swollen joints Inability to move a joint due to pain Pus in the joints
6. Pneumonia
If staphylococcus bacteria reach the lung tissue, then it may lead to pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is the most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia (hospital-acquired pneumonia). Both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains can cause pneumonia. Antibiotic-resistant MRSA is the most common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients who underwent ventilatory care (6). Symptoms of pneumonia can be:
High fever and chills Shortness of breath Cough. Increased respiratory rate Indrawing of intercostal spaces
7. Endocarditis
It is the inflammation of the inner layer of the heart tissue due to bacterial infection. Flu-like symptoms are often seen in endocarditis. The symptoms of staphylococcal endocarditis can be:
Tiredness Fever and chills Rapid heartbeat Swelling of arms and legs Breathing difficulties
8. Osteomyelitis
The infection of bone is called osteomyelitis. The following symptoms can be seen in staph bone infections.
Fever and chills Redness over the affected bone Pain Swelling of the part above the bone Tenderness
Sometimes the bacteria can affect the central nervous system and cause central nervous system infection (CNS infection) such as meningitis. This may often occur after neurosurgeries and is not very common. Older toddlers may develop staph infection due to dental abscess. In such a case, consult a dentist promptly.
When To See A Doctor?
You may consult a healthcare provider if your toddler has skin infections, fever, or any other concerning symptoms. Staph infection can only be treated by a doctor. A visit to the doctor is necessary if your toddler has recurrent infections with staph bacteria, and if the infection occurs along with a wound or after a medical procedure or hospitalization.
Diagnosis Of Staph Infection
A staph skin infection can be diagnosed by observing the type of skin rash or skin lesions. The following investigations are often ordered by pediatricians to confirm staph infections (7). Diagnosis is generally only clinical grounds.
Laboratory analysis: Nasal secretions or tissue samples may help identify the presence of Staphylococcus. Blood tests and culture: Helps identify blood infections and infection markers. Echocardiogram: Helps identify staph infections of the heart.
Depending on your baby’s signs and symptoms, the doctor may order ultrasound imaging of joints or a culture of fluid from infected joints. Sometimes CT scan or MRI is also done to detect any anomalies caused by a staph infection.
Treatment Of Staph Infection In Toddlers
Skin infections are often treated with oral antibiotics, (which is the way most staph infections are treated), while serious infections such as sepsis and septic shock may require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics (8). Many toddlers are treated successfully in the emergency room. Cefazolin, Zyvox (linezolid), Vibativ (telavancin), Cubicin (daptomycin) are some of the commonly given antibiotics for staph infection. Topical antibiotic creams or antibiotic ointments can be given for minor skin injuries for infection control. You should follow the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor even though your toddler does not show symptoms anymore. Intravenous antibiotic treatment with vancomycin or daptomycin is often required if it is caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. MRSA is an antibiotic-resistant strain of staph bacteria. Although some skin conditions can be cured with bandages and antiseptic creams, pediatricians may recommend systemic antibiotic treatment to prevent recurrent infection. The other treatment procedures may include:
Pus drainage: Infected sore is incised to drain the pus and avoid complications, such as bacteremia. Removal of the device: If the infection is caused by medical tubes, catheters, or any other devices, then it is removed from the body.
It is not recommended to self-treat with antibiotics. Improper use of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance of bacteria, thus rendering common antibiotics ineffective at treating infections.
Complications Of Staph Infections
Sepsis and bloodstream infections (BSI) are common complications of staph infections. These can affect the entire body and often lead to septic shock due to very low blood pressure. Sepsis and septic shock may lead to death if left untreated. If staph bacteria reach endocardium (inner lining of the heart), then it could result in endocarditis (inflammation of heart lining). It may eventually lead to heart failure. This condition may result in pneumonia and respiratory distress if the bacteria reach the lungs (9). Food poisoning due to staph bacteria could lead to dehydration and hypovolemic shock if toddlers are not hydrated well on time.
Prevention Of Staph Infections
The following precautions may help reduce the incidence of staph infection (3).
Practice good hand hygiene in the family. Proper hygiene. Proper wound cleaning. Clean all the utensils, toys, and other personal items of the baby with antiseptic solutions. Image: Shutterstock Use registered disinfectants to clean the floors. Seek medical help for the clean dressing of an infected wound or infected skin. Do not share baby and toddler items with an infected family member. Wash food items and hands before cooking. Clean the vegetable cutting boards and kitchen surfaces.
You may check for adherence to hygiene precautions at daycare facilities to avoid community-acquired infections and MRSA outbreaks in children.
