You notice blisters in your baby’s mouth, and eventually, rashes on the palms and soles of the feet. These could be signs of hand, foot, and mouth disease in babies. Though mostly mild, it is a common infection that causes inflammation and characteristic rashes on the skin around the lips, palm, foot soles, and inside the mouth. The condition may also cause a lot of discomfort and loss of appetite in babies. Keep reading to understand the possible causes, signs, treatment, and management of babies’ hand, foot, and mouth disease.
What Is Hand, Foot, And Mouth Disease?
The disease, as the name suggests, is an infection that affects the skin of the hand, feet, and around the mouth. Lesions might also be visible in the inner mucous membranes of the mouth such as behind the lips, back of the cheeks, and the back of the throat too.
What Causes HFMD In Infants?
Any of the viruses from the enterovirus genus or group can cause HFMD. The most common enteroviruses to cause this infection are the coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 (1). The coxsackievirus A16 is usually the cause of HFMD in North America while enterovirus 71 is responsible for it in East and Southeast Asia.
How Does A Baby Catch The HFMD Virus?
HFMD is extremely contagious. A baby or a toddler can quickly catch the virus through:
Skin contact with an infected person: A baby can contract the virus if they come in contact with an infected person through handshakes and hugs. Kissing the child on the cheek can also spread the virus through the blisters around the mouth. Image: iStock
Inhaling the saliva or mucus expelled during sneezing: Inhalation of the expelled mucus and saliva droplets while sneezing or coughing by an infected person, spreads the virus.
Not washing hands after touching fecal matter: HFMD viruses also transmit through the fecal-oral route. A baby or toddler may catch the virus by playing with soil contaminated with infected feces. A toddler may get the virus from their sibling if they touch the soiled diaper and do not wash hands.
Contaminated food and water: Food and water contaminated with fecal matter can spread the disease.
Touching contaminated surfaces: Viruses can survive on inanimate objects too. It means HFMD can spread through objects, such as clothes, doorknobs, and toys, used by the infected person.
Sharing utensils: A baby can get the virus if they share utensils like sippy cups with an infected person like a sibling or a parent. Image: Shutterstock
How Common Is HFMD In Babies?
HFMD mostly affects infants and toddlers, rather than older children and teens. The disease is prevalent during the summer and the winter season (2).
What Are The Symptoms Of HFMD In Babies?
The HFMD virus has an incubation period of three to six days. It means the baby will display the first symptoms of the disease about three to six days after he/she contracts the virus (3). The following are the symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease in babies and toddlers (4): Several symptoms of HFMD resemble those of other diseases such as chickenpox, herpes, and even strep throat. It means you are quite likely to get confused about what is happening with the baby. For this reason, it is best to take the baby to the doctor for an accurate diagnosis of the condition. Due to the fact that many different viruses can cause HFMD, the presentation is not always the same. There are varieties where the child will only get get skin signs or only the mouth lesions.
How Is HFMD In Babies Diagnosed?
The following steps help a healthcare provider to diagnose the disease:
Visual inspection: The doctor looks for the tell-tale signs of the disease, which is the presence of blisters mostly on the mouth, palms, and soles of the feet.
Mouth and throat swab: A swab sample from the throat and mouth is sent for laboratory analysis to determine the presence of the virus.
Stool test: Since the HFMD virus is excreted in stool, the doctor will send a stool sample to check for the presence of the virus.
Blood test (not often done): A blood test will help confirm the diagnosis by assessing the presence of the virus and its related antibodies in the blood.
If the diagnosis is definite, the doctor will begin the treatment.
How Is HFMD In Babies Treated?
There is no treatment for hand, foot, and mouth disease (7). Antibiotics do not work against the illness since it is caused by a virus and not a bacteria. Just like with any other viral infection, one needs to wait for the immune system to subdue the virus on its own. The baby’s doctor can suggest some medicines to ease the intensity of the symptoms:
Pain and fever medication: The doctor can prescribe acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen to bring down the fever and ease the pain caused by the blisters. Although these medicines are available over-the-counter, it is best to consult a doctor for the dosage based on your baby’s age and intensity of symptoms.
Oral anesthetic solutions: You can use oral anesthetic solutions to numb the pain in the baby’s mouth. However, do so as per the doctor’s recommendation and avoid using any over-the-counter numbing gels, mouthwashes, and sprays.
Your healthcare provider might add some antibacterial ointment if some of the lesions are open and look to become infected,
Home management is the best way to help the baby feel better and increase the speed of recovery.
How To Help A Baby With HFMD Feel Better At Home?
Here are a few home remedies to help the baby feel better:
Offer plenty of fluids: The soreness of the blisters, along with fever and the inability to feed correctly can increase the risk of dehydration. Therefore, offer plenty of fluids such as milk and water. You can give them cold beverages that help soothe the irritation inside the mouth. Do not provide juices since they have excess sugars and are not recommended by pediatricians (8).
Switch to a liquid diet: Puree everything that you would otherwise feed as solid to the baby. You can feed a wide variety of fruit, vegetable, and meat purees. You can also give vegetable or meat broth to the baby. Continue breastfeeding the usual way.
Feed smaller portions: Give smaller portions of liquids that are easier to gulp than large quantities in one go. Image: Shutterstock
Try feeding about 20-30 minutes after the anti-pyrexial and pain medications were given.
Rest is essential: Adequate rest allows the body’s immune system to work better and recover from the illness faster. Cut down on play time and focus more on rest.
The illness usually goes away in three to five days and may, in some cases, extend to no longer than two weeks. The baby should start recovering within a week. Blisters on the hand and feet become dry and fall away while the sores in the mouth gradually disappear. In very rare instances, the disease may extend beyond two weeks, but it is usually with immunocompromised babies and infants with other health problems. These babies are also at a higher risk of developing complications of HFMD.
What Are The Complications Of HFMD?
Sometimes the HFMD virus may lead to a few complications, including (10):
Dehydration: It is by far the most common complication of HFMD. Dehydration is a tangential result of sores in the mouth, which makes it difficult for the baby to drink and swallow. If the baby is urinating less frequently, with fewer than six wet diapers used a day, it is an indication of dehydration among infants. In toddlers, not urinating for more than six hours could indicate dehydration (11) (12).
Temporary loss of fingernail or toenail: If a blister erupts beneath the fingernail or toenail, then the baby risks the loss of that nail. However, the loss is temporary, and the nail will regrow from the nailbed.
Opportunistic infections: Since the immune system is busy fighting the virus, it could make the body prone to other opportunistic pathogens. Studies have found that HFMD may increase the risk of other bacterial and viral infections caused by the Streptococcus bacteria and dengue virus among others (13).
Viral meningitis: It is a rare complication where the virus finds its way into the brain, infecting the meninges, which is the outer layer of tissue covering the brain. The infection leads to viral meningitis.
Encephalitis: It is the rarest of all the complications. In this case, the virus infects the brain and causes severe inflammation of the brain tissue, a condition called encephalitis.
In most cases, the baby recovers well with no complications. However, an infected person can transmit the virus for a week or two even after the disease is cured. Prevention is thus vital.
How To Prevent HFMD In Babies?
The following steps can help prevent HFMD in babies (14):
Wash the baby’s hands periodically. Always wash the baby’s hands with warm and soapy water after a trip to the park or playtime in the outdoors. Wash your hands when you come back home from outside.
Cover nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing. Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze or cough, whether or not you are infected. Sometimes adults may have the virus but may display mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. But the baby can still get the infection and exhibit severe symptoms.
Wash hands before touching the baby. Clean and dry your hands before holding the baby or the items. It mitigates accidental exposure to the dormant virus.
Disinfect the baby’s personal items and household objects. Wipe the baby’s toys with a cloth dipped in diluted, baby-safe antiseptic liquid. If the toys are washable, then wash them with soapy water. Clean household objects that the baby is bound to touch like doorknobs with a cloth dipped in a disinfectant liquid.
Do not share utensils with the baby: Use a separate set of utensils for the baby and do not let anyone else use them.
